Excavations
DEFINITIONS:
1. Excavation
Any man-made cavity or depression in the earth's surface, including
its sides, walls, or faces, formed by earth removal and producing unsupported
earth conditions by reason of the excavation.
2. Trench
Excavation
A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the
width, but the width of a trench is not greater than 4.5 meters (15 feet).
3. Accepted
Engineering and Construction Practices
Plans for excavations and protective system methods shall be
submitted to Loss Prevention before work start up.
4. Protective
Systems
Methods used to protect employees from cave-ins, from materials
that could fall or roll into the excavation onto the workers or from collapse
of adjacent structures. Protective
systems include supports, sloping and benching, shields and other means to
protect workers.
5. Shoring
Hydraulic, timber or mechanical systems that support the sides of
an excavation, designed to prevent cave-ins.
6. Hydraulic
Shoring
A pre-engineered support system of aluminum hydraulic cylinders
(cross-braces) used with vertical rods (uprights) or horizontal rods designed
specifically to support side walls of an excavation to prevent cave-in.
7. Benching
A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the
sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal steps, with a
vertical rise between steps.
8. Sloping
A method of excavating in which the sides of an excavation are laid
back to a safe angle to prevent cave-ins.
(The safe angle required varies with different types of soil, exposure
to the elements and superimposed loads.
There is no single angle of repose.
Soil classification must be identified to select safe sloping and
benching methods.)
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